IOASD Journal of Business and Management Studies
The IOASD Journal of Business and Management Studies (ISSN: 3048-7595 Online | ISSN: 3049-0510 Print) is an international, peer-reviewed, open-access quarterly journal published by IOASD Publisher, India. The journal is dedicated to publishing high-quality scholarly research in the broad fields of Business, Management, Commerce, Economics, and allied disciplines. The primary objective of the journal is to provide a global platform for researchers, academicians, industry professionals, policymakers, entrepreneurs, and scholars to disseminate innovative research findings, theoretical developments, practical applications, and contemporary issues related to Business and Management Studies. The journal publishes original research articles, review papers, case studies, short communications, research findings, editorials, letters to the editor, and other scholarly contributions within the entire domain of business and management sciences. The journal encourages interdisciplinary, analytical, and evidence-based research that contributes to organizational growth, strategic management, entrepreneurship, innovation, economic development, corporate governance, and sustainable business practices at national and international levels. Journal Information Journal Title: IOASD Journal of Business and Management Studies Abbreviated Key Title: IOASD J Bus Manag Stud ISSN: 3048-7595 (Online) | 3049-0510 (Print) Frequency: Quarterly Subject: Business and Management Language: English Format: Online & Print Starting Year: 2024 Publisher: IOASD Publisher Address: 204, Borhawar, Murajhar, Hojai, Assam – 782439 Country of Origin: India Open Access Policy The IOASD Journal of Business and Management Studies is committed to the principles of open-access publishing and believes that unrestricted access to scholarly research promotes the advancement of knowledge, innovation, and global academic collaboration. The journal provides immediate, permanent, and free access to all published articles without subscription fees, registration requirements, or paywalls. Readers may access, read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, and link to published articles in accordance with the applicable licensing terms. Read more Author Guidelines Authors intending to submit manuscripts to the IOASD Journal of Business and Management Studies are requested to read the following instructions carefully and prepare their manuscripts in accordance with the journal guidelines. Manuscripts that do not comply with the prescribed format and ethical standards may be returned for correction prior to peer review. Read more Privacy Statement The IOASD Journal of Business and Management Studies respects the privacy of its authors, reviewers, editors, readers, and website users. The journal is committed to protecting personal information collected through its website and editorial management system and to handling such information responsibly, securely, and only for legitimate publishing and administrative purposes. This Privacy Statement explains how personal information is collected, used, stored, and protected by the journal. Read more
Diversity, Digital Finance, and Organizational Resilience: Lessons from Nigeria’s Changing Labour Economy
Migration, workforce diversity, digital transformation, and organizational sustainability are increasingly connected in emerging economies. As workers move across regions, borders, and sectors, organizations are becoming more ethnically, culturally, and digitally complex. This article examines how migration-driven workforce diversity and digital inclusion shape organizational sustainability, using Nigeria as an anchor case within a wider global context. Drawing on a qualitative desk-based review of migration literature, diversity management theory, organizational sustainability research, and selected studies on digital finance and artificial intelligence, the article argues that workforce mobility can strengthen organizations by expanding talent pools, improving innovation, increasing market reach, and supporting resilience. However, these benefits depend on inclusive governance. In contexts where recruitment, promotion, financial access, and digital systems are shaped by exclusion, diversity may reproduce inequality rather than reduce it. The article contributes to global debates by showing that organizational sustainability in emerging economies is no longer only a matter of profitability or institutional survival. It also depends on how organizations manage ethnic diversity, migrant inclusion, digital access, financial participation, and trust. The paper proposes an integrated framework linking workforce mobility, diversity governance, digital inclusion, and sustainable organizational performance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Anthony Chidi Nzomiwu, Franca Ginikachi Adieme, Okoroafor Ikechukwu Benedict, Paulinus Ogbu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Securing the Borderless Enterprise: Evaluating the Impact of Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA) on Security Posture and User Productivity in Hybrid Work Environments
The accelerated shift toward hybrid work arrangements has fundamentally altered the threat landscape confronting modern enterprises, dissolving the network perimeter that traditional security architectures were built to defend. Employees now routinely access corporate systems, applications, and data from home net-works, shared co-working spaces, airport lounges, and personal devices, rendering perimeter-centric controls such as firewalls and site-to-site virtual private networks increasingly inadequate as a primary line of defense. Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA) has emerged as the dominant organizational response to this challenge, replacing implicit trust based on network location or device ownership with continuous, identity-centric verification of every user, device, and transaction, regardless of where the request originates. Yet the adoption of ZTA introduces a tension of its own. The very mechanisms that strengthen an organization’s security posture — continuous authentication, micro segmentation, conditional access policies, and device-health attestation — can, if poorly designed, introduce friction that erodes employee productivity, increases helpdesk burden, and fuels quiet resistance to security initiatives among the workforce. Security leaders therefore face a dual mandate: harden the enterprise against an expanding and increasingly distributed attack surface while preserving the flexibility and efficiency that hybrid work was meant to deliver in the first place. This paper develops a structured framework for evaluating and implementing Zero Trust Architecture within hybrid work environments in a manner that strengthens security posture while preserving, and in many cases enhancing, user productivity. The research begins by mapping the conceptual evolution of ZTA from a perimeter-replacement model into an enterprise-wide governance philosophy, and by examining how different categories of access-control and verification mechanisms position themselves along the spectrum between security rigor and user friction. The paper argues for a risk-adaptive approach to control design — applying lightweight, low-friction verification to routine, low-risk activity while reserving stronger, more deliberate verification steps for actions that carry genuine security consequence. The framework rests on four mutually reinforcing pillars: risk-adaptive identity verification, dynamic micro segmentation built around least-privilege access, productivity-centred policy design that treats user experience as a first-class design constraint, and continuous dual-metric monitoring that tracks security posture and workforce productivity side by side. Drawing on a systematic literature review, expert interviews with security and workplace-technology practitioners, organizational case analysis, and a controlled comparison of access-control configurations, the paper demonstrates that security and productivity in hybrid work are not opposing forces to be traded off against one another, but outcomes that can be jointly optimized when Zero Trust is implemented as a deliberate organizational discipline rather than a collection of point security products.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ravi Raj Kumar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Optimizing Working Capital Management: Impact of Cash Conversion Cycle on Profitability of MSMEs in Bihar Post-GST Era
Small and medium-scale business units have long served as indispensable pillars of India's economic fabric, channelling productive energy into employment creation, manufacturing output, and grassroots entrepreneurial activity at a scale that larger corporate entities rarely match. Within Bihar, a state whose economic trajectory continues to be shaped largely by informal and small-scale business activity, Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises occupy an especially prominent position — generating livelihoods, circulating local capital, and fostering entrepreneurial aspiration across both urban centres and rural hinterlands. Yet these enterprises routinely grapple with a challenge that receives far less attention than it deserves: the effective stewardship of short-term financial resources. Managing current assets and current liabilities with precision is not an incidental concern for small business owners — it is the operational heartbeat that sustains daily functioning and determines long-run financial health. The nationwide rollout of the Goods and Services Tax framework beginning in mid-2017 introduced a paradigm shift in the indirect taxation environment that reverberated through every tier of the business ecosystem. For larger, well-resourced enterprises, the transition — though demanding — was broadly manageable. For MSMEs, especially those concentrated in states like Bihar where digital literacy, institutional connectivity, and access to professional accounting support are comparatively limited, the GST shift imposed layered operational burdens. The reconciliation of input tax credits, the discipline of periodic electronic return submissions, and the liquidity drain caused by extended waiting periods for tax refunds collectively tightened working capital availability at precisely the moment when enterprises most needed financial flexibility to absorb transitional disruption. Situated at the analytical core of working capital management is the Cash Conversion Cycle — a metric that distils the temporal journey from raw material procurement to cash receipt into a single, interpretable figure. This cycle draws together the duration for which inventory remains unconverted, the period over which trade receivables remain outstanding, and the interval across which supplier obligations are deferred. When an enterprise succeeds in compressing this cycle, it releases trapped liquidity and enhances its capacity to reinvest in operations without relying on costly external borrowing. Conversely, an elongated cycle signals stagnant capital and diminished profitability — consequences that small enterprises operating on narrow margins can ill afford, particularly when formal credit channels remain inaccessible or prohibitively expensive. This paper sets out to examine, in a systematic and empirically grounded manner, how the constituent elements of the Cash Conversion Cycle influence the profitability of MSMEs functioning within Bihar's post-GST economic environment. The study focuses on three established profitability measures — Return on Assets, Return on Equity, and Net Profit Margin — and probes their sensitivity to changes in inventory holding periods, debtor collection timelines, and creditor payment practices. In doing so, it acknowledges Bihar's unique combination of regulatory context, infrastructural realities, and sectoral composition as variables that meaningfully shape the working capital dynamics observed on the ground. The investigation draws on a combined methodological approach — marshalling panel financial data from a representative cross-section of registered MSMEs in Bihar alongside qualitative testimony from enterprise owners and financial practitioners — to build a textured and credible analytical picture. Regression-based modelling applied to data spanning the post-GST window from 2017 through 2024 provides the quantitative backbone of the inquiry. Ultimately, this research aspires to deliver findings that carry genuine practical weight — equipping enterprise managers with sharper financial decision-making tools, offering lenders a more nuanced understanding of MSME credit risk, and supplying policymakers with evidence to inform targeted interventions that can meaningfully strengthen the financial resilience of Bihar's small business community.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nilesh Narayan Prasad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Balancing Performance and Transparency: A Framework for Implementing Explainable AI (XAI) in Regulated Corporate Decision-Making Systems
Modern corporations are witnessing an unprecedented wave of artificial intelligence adoption that has redefined how they process data, evaluate risk, and make decisions of significant consequence. Sectors ranging from credit lending and insurance claim processing to drug approvals and legal risk evaluation now routinely depend on AI-powered systems to handle functions that were once exclusively within human purview. However, a troubling contradiction sits at the core of this technological advancement: the AI models that deliver the highest predictive accuracy tend to operate through mechanisms that are virtually impossible for humans to follow or scrutinize. This internal opacity generates a fundamental conflict between the drive for algorithmic excellence and the institutional need for accountability — a conflict that neither aggressive technical optimization nor overly cautious regulation alone can adequately address. In response to this challenge, the present paper introduces a structured framework for deploying Explainable AI within corporate environments that operate under regulatory oversight. The framework is built on the recognition that explainability cannot be reduced to a single technical feature; rather, it is a multifaceted organizational capability that must be deliberately engineered across every layer of AI development, from initial model design through deployment, governance, and ongoing stakeholder communication. The research begins by examining the landscape of the interpretability-versus-performance dilemma, analyzing how various categories of machine learning models position themselves along this spectrum and identifying the operational conditions under which each category is most sensibly applied. The paper argues in favour of context-sensitive model selection — using inherently transparent models for decisions of lower complexity while directing post-hoc interpretability techniques toward high-capability opaque models in scenarios where predictive precision cannot be compromised. The framework is constructed around four mutually reinforcing pillars. The first centres on designing explanations that are tailored to specific stakeholder roles, ensuring that technical personnel, regulatory bodies, and affected individuals each receive information suited to their needs and comprehension levels. The second pillar positions model-agnostic interpretation tools — most notably SHAP and LIME — as permanent organizational infrastructure rather than occasional diagnostic instruments. The third pillar advocates for embedding compliance requirements directly into the architecture of AI systems from the earliest stages of development, rather than retrofitting documentation after deployment. The fourth pillar establishes an ongoing monitoring mechanism that tracks both predictive accuracy and explanation quality simultaneously, treating deterioration in either as an early signal of technical or ethical risk. Beyond the technical, the paper explores the organizational conditions necessary for XAI to take root, including cross-departmental governance, integration of explainability standards into model risk management, and cultural alignment between analytical and compliance teams. Practical illustrations from financial services and healthcare reinforce the framework's adaptability to varied regulatory contexts. The paper ultimately argues that when properly implemented, explainability and performance are not opposing forces but complementary pillars of responsible AI deployment — and that organizations embedding XAI as a governance discipline will be better positioned for sustainable, trust-based AI adoption at scale.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ravi Ranjan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Payment Data, Platform Finance, and the Cross-Border Credit Gap for SMEs
Digital payment infrastructures are increasingly central to how small and medium-sized enterprises seek liquidity, conduct trade, and establish financial credibility. Yet the benefits of digitalization remain uneven, especially in cross-border contexts where payment systems, data regimes, regulatory standards, and financing models remain fragmented. This article develops a four-layer conceptual framework linking payment infrastructure, data and access regimes, financing intermediation, and SME outcomes. Using Nigeria and Poland as illustrative comparative cases, the article examines how mobile-first, platform-centric ecosystems in emerging markets differ from bank-integrated, regulation-driven systems in developed European economies. The analysis shows that both models can support domestic SME financing through real-time payments, alternative data, and embedded credit. However, their capacity to enable cross-border SME finance depends on interoperability, data portability, legal recognition, and regulatory alignment. The article contributes to the literature by reframing digital payments as socio-technical information infrastructures rather than neutral settlement rails. It also offers a diagnostic framework for policymakers, central banks, FinTech firms, development institutions, and financial regulators seeking to design inclusive and interoperable SME finance ecosystems. The article concludes by proposing a research and policy agenda focused on open finance, cross-border data-recognition standards, SME usability, and infrastructure investment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Anthony Chidi Nzomiwu, Francisca Uzooyibo Okoye (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Government Expenditure and Nigeria’s Economic Growth: An Assessment of Budget Execution in the Fourth Republic
This study examined the effect of government expenditure on Nigeria’s economic growth during the Fourth Republic, with particular attention to the execution of functionally classified expenditure. Government expenditure was disaggregated into administration, social and community services, economic services, and transfer expenditure, while gross domestic product (GDP) proxied economic growth; inflation and the exchange rate served as control variables. Adopting an ex post facto research design, the study analysed annual time-series data covering 2000 to 2019, sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin and the World Bank. Data were analysed using simple and multiple linear regression after a log-linear transformation of the monetary variables, such that the estimated coefficients are interpreted as elasticities. The bivariate results showed that administration expenditure (β = 0.904), social and community services expenditure (β = 0.770), economic services expenditure (β = 0.922), and transfer expenditure (β = 0.769) each exerted a positive and statistically significant effect on GDP (p < 0.05). The joint model explained about 96.7% of the variation in GDP (adjusted R² = 0.967) and was statistically significant (F = 93.083; p < 0.001), confirming a significant composite effect of the four expenditure categories. The study concludes that budget execution is an important catalyst for growth, but that converting growth into development requires a shift of emphasis from the exhaustion of funds to the efficiency of implementation. It recommends prioritising capital execution, strengthening implementation audits, and diversifying revenue to reduce deficit-financing pressures
Copyright (c) 2026 Uwem E. Uwah, Ubak, Joshua Dominic, Peter A. Uklala, Uwakmfonabasi Simeon (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Study to Identify the Potential Advisors & Retail Penetration in India's Contemporary Telecom Market – with Special Reference to Jio Prepaid Services (2025)
India’s telecommunications industry has grown into one of the largest and fastest-expanding networks in the world. With the rapid penetration of smartphones, affordable data tariffs, and increased digital adoption, telecom providers face intense competition to expand their retail reach and increase customer loyalty. This article updates an earlier project on retail penetration of prepaid cards and transforms it into a contemporary study focused on Jio Prepaid services in Coimbatore. The research explores the retail penetration levels, retailer satisfaction, competitor presence, and preferences that influence product shelfing decisions. Using structured questionnaires and field data, the study highlights key issues, market opportunities, and strategic recommendations for telecom service providers in 2025.
Copyright (c) 2025 D. Suganya (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Redefining Digital Licensing Agreements in the Era of Artificial Intelligence
Intellectual property laws are encountering challenges due to Generative AI technologies. These laws were enacted to protect human creative works and had to deal with technologies that create a content with a quality of that of the human one, using data that might be legally protected, triggering issues over ownership of the AI-created content, as well as the liability that might result out of violations. This research uses the descriptive analytical approach to scrutinize the digital licensing agreements and assess their capacity to accommodate the terms aimed to regulate using the Generative AI, such as disclosing sources of the data used in training. The research shows that the existing legislations refuse to recognize the role of Generative AI when it partakes in creating a content with man, indicating that digital licensing agreements are more flexible tools in regulating and defining liability, through inserting terms that oblige developers to disclose sources of training data, setting rights to use and amend the created content, and distributing liability on AI developer and the ultimate user. The developed licensing agreements can help bridge the existing legislative gaps in order to achieve balance among rights of parties and promote innovation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rania S, Azab, HosamEldin H. Ismail (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Determinants of India’s Defense Expenditure
Aims: This study aims to empirically examine the determinants of India’s defense expenditure, with a focus on assessing the relative influence of economic, demographic, and geopolitical factors over the period 1960–2020. Study Design: Time-series econometric analysis based on the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) cointegration framework. Place and Duration of Study: Secondary data covering India from 1960 to 2020 were analyzed using ARDL models estimated by the authors between 2023 and 2024. Methodology: Two ARDL models were constructed. Model 1 (1960–2020) examined the effects of GDP, Pakistan’s defense burden, population, trade balance, internal conflicts, and war on India’s defense spending. Model 2 (1974–2020) additionally included central government expenditure and a regional security web variable. Cointegration was tested using the ARDL bounds approach, while short-run and long-run dynamics were analyzed through error correction models (ECM). Results: The F-statistics in both models exceeded the 5% critical bounds, confirming long-run cointegration. In both short and long run, GDP, population growth, and wars significantly increased defense expenditure, while Pakistan’s defense burden had no significant effect, rejecting the conventional arms race hypothesis. Central government expenditure was a strong positive determinant in Model 2, while the security web had an unexpected negative effect. Error correction terms were negative and highly significant, indicating rapid adjustment toward long-run equilibrium. Conclusion: India’s defense expenditure is shaped more by domestic economic capacity and strategic priorities than by regional rivalries. External wars exert a greater influence than internal conflicts, while fiscal policy strongly conditions defense spending. Policy implications include aligning defense expenditure with economic growth, investing in technology-driven efficiency, refining conflict management strategies, and reassessing multilateral security arrangements.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sapana Sharma, Sanju Karol (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Public Money, Private Innovation: Designing a Layered Architecture for CBDCs and Tokenized Finance
Two parallel but potentially opposing forces in the financial landscape: the worldwide development of central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) and rapid development of privately offered tokenized assets and decentralized finance (DeFi). Though with more than 130 countries now looking into CBDCs and the tokenized asset market forecast at $16 trillion by 2030, the dynamic between public and private digital monies is shaping up to be the lifeblood of the future direction of payments, lending and monetary policy. This document examines whether or not these systems can work together, or whether their structural differences will create fragmentation, regulatory friction, and systemic risk. Employing a mixed-methods design that ranges from on-chain data analysis, comparative case studies related to major CBDC initiatives (for example, digital euro, digital yuan, Project mBridge, Project Aurum), to interviews with professionals—central bankers, DeFi developers and regulators—we address three crucial questions: (1) Under what circumstances can CBDCs be used as settlement infrastructure for tokenized assets without compromising monetary policy autonomy? (2) What are the implications of design decisions for CBDCs, in particular, programmability, privacy and access, for alignment with DeFi ecosystems? (3) Which governance mechanisms might align both public and private digital money to support inclusive, efficient and resilient financial markets? Our results favour a “layered monetary architecture,” with CBDCs to serve as reliable, low-risk, secure settlement anchors and private tokenized finance to facilitate innovation, access and user-friendly services and innovative user experiences. In this paper, we present the Monetary Layer Compatibility Framework which, as we have mentioned, is a diagnostic instrument for tracking the alignment on five aspects of these criteria: settlement finality, programmability scope, privacy guarantees, access permissions, and regulatory hooks. Based on both empirical evidence and policy analysis, we suggest a “public anchor, private innovation” model that maintains monetary sovereignty and benefits from the productivity gain from tokenization. The paper ends with practical policy recommendations to central banks and international institutions to promote interoperability, reduce disintermediation vulnerabilities and halt financial balkanization.
Copyright (c) 2025 Anthony Chidi Nzomiwu, Ekene Nwankwo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Fundamental Mechanics of Machine Learning
Machine Learning (ML), the basis of modern Artificial Intelligence (AI), provides mechanisms for systems to learn from data and improve performance without being explicitly programmed. This technical report provides a thorough overview of machine learning, from its fundamental principles, the three broad paradigms of supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning, to the underlying algorithms. We also explain the critical phases of the ML model development life cycle, including data preprocessing, model evaluation, and optimization, and discuss significant challenges like data dependency, interpretability, and computation cost. We finish with a discussion of the future direction of ML with peeks into future trends like Explainable AI (XAI) and federative learning.
Copyright (c) 2025 Justin Pathrose James (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Financial Services: A Systematic Literature Review
Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) have changed how financial services operate, improving areas like trading, credit assessments, fraud detection, and customer service. These technologies enhance efficiency and customer experience but raise concerns about fairness and regulations. This review looks at research on AI and ML in financial services, focusing on their use, performance, and regulatory challenges from 2018 to 2024. A search of academic databases found 86 relevant studies that analyzed technical implementation, performance, ethics, and market impacts. Results showed that ML in fraud detection can exceed 90% accuracy, and AI in credit scoring can lower prediction errors by 15-25%. Despite these advancements, challenges remain, especially in explainability, bias, and regulation. Successful adoption of AI and ML requires addressing these issues through responsible frameworks and governance structures.
Copyright (c) 2025 Anthony Chidi Nzomiwu, Francisca Uzooyibo Okoye (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Discursive Factor Analysis of Sustainable Mobility in Multicultural Cities and Emotional Activisms
The research on sustainable peri-urban mobility examines how travel purposes and perceptions of destinations affect local development activism. The study aimed to identify the main issues holding back local activism and develop emotional themes. It involved interviewing seven influential figures at a sustainability and activism forum hosted by a public university in central Mexico from January to July 2024. The results showed that neutral emotions were prevalent, indicating a lack of active mobilization. Given the prevalence of frustration and aggression in current affairs, expanding the study to include opinions and emotions related to resource mobilization and developing new identities is recommended.
Copyright (c) 2025 Cruz García Lirios, Julio E Crespo, Francisco Rubén Sandoval Vázquez, Germán Moreno, Jorge E. Chaparro Medina, Isabel Cristina Rincón Rodríguez (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Influence of Marital Emotional Intelligence and Adjustment Among Female Lecturers of Two Public Universities in Cross River State, Nigeria
This study examined the influence of marital emotional intelligence and adjustment among female lecturers of two public Universities in Cross River State, Nigeria. One hypothesis was formulated to guide the study. The study adopted ex-post facto research design. Stratified and accidental sampling techniques were employed to select a sample of 959 female lecturers from a population of 9692 for the study. A questionnaire title, marital emotions intelligence and adjustment among female lecturers of public Universities Questionnaire (MEIAAFLQ) developed by the researchers and was used in collecting data on (i) Sub-variable involved in the study. The reliability estimates of the sub-scales ranged from .77 to 89 which showed that the instrument was reliable for data collection. The independent t-test statistical analysis was used to test the hypothesis at .05 level of significance and 957 degrees of freedom. The results of the statistical analysis from the hypothesis shows that, emotional self-motivation significantly influences marital adjustment in terms of communication, interest shared, romance and overall marital adjustment among female lecturers of public Universities in Cross River State, Nigeria. The study concluded that emotional self-motivation affects marital adjustment in terms of communication, interest shared, romance and overall marital adjustment among female lecturers. It was recommended among others, that counselors should endeavour to infuse into female lecturers’ emotional self-awareness in order to recognize the emotional experience as it comes, know their emotional strength and weaknesses to help them provide feedback to improve upon and to ascertain level of marital adjustment female lecturer should be taught how they could regulate their emotional self for general successful life achievement. This is because, marital maladjustment behavior could instigate someone to be emotional frustrated which would hinder their ability to pay attention to marital issues.
Copyright (c) 2025 Okpechi, Philip A., Fidelis Igbege Ajah, Effiom, Bassey Ekeng (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Healthcare Delivery, Maternity Counselling: Exploring Pre-natal Service in University of Calabar Teaching Hospital Calabar, Cross River State
This study explores the significance of prenatal service and maternity counseling in enhancing maternal and child health outcome. Prenatal care is a critical component of health care delivery, providing expectant mothers with essential medical care, education and support. Effective maternity counseling empowers women to make informed decision about their health pregnancy and childbirth. The university of Calabar teaching hospital (UCTH) in Calabar in Nigeria, offer comprehensive prenatal service, including maternity counseling, as part of its healthcare delivery package. University of Calabar runs specialized clinics, including a prenatal clinic, where expectant mothers receive care and counseling from experienced healthcare professionals. Prenatal services and maternity counseling are vital component of healthcare delivery, contributing to improve maternal and child health outcome. By prioritizing these services, healthcare provider can promote healthy pregnancies empower expectant mothers, and foster positive birth experiences. Informing expectant mother about pregnancy, childbirth and parenting. Identifying potentials complication and developing strategies for migration.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ogar, Agede Ambor, Emmanuel Bassey Ekeng, Alderline Bassey Bassey, Gapona Oden, Affiong Okoh, Sylvia Ekpo, Emmanuel Eze, Godwin Odey Amuchi, Effiom, Bassey Ekeng, Ntufam, Ayamba (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Status and Prospects of Tourism Industry in Bangladesh with special edge of Revenue Perspectives: An Exploratory Study
The article discussed the status and prospects of tourism industry in Bangladesh. It has found that tourism industry in Bangladesh is growing, but is not developed. Bangladesh has more prospect in heritage tourism, adventure tourism, agri-tourism, sports tourism, rural tourism, and religious tourism. Bangladesh offers many tourist attractions, including rolling tea gardens, hill forests and wildlife, picturesque landscape, longest natural beach in the world, historical mosques and monuments, archaeological sites, and colourful tribal life very enchanting. With the country's unmatched biodiversity, diverse landscapes, and rich cultural heritage, there's immense potential to make tourism a cornerstone of sustainable development. Cox's Bazar in the longest unbroken sea beach in the world and the tourist capital of Bangladesh. The country has three UNESCO world heritage sites. It plays a significant role directly and indirectly in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate of Bangladesh by creating new employment opportunities for both male and female, alleviating poverty, enhancing local community participation, earning foreign currency via foreign tourists. Tourism is a growing sector and contributing nearly 2.3 % of total GDP in 2023. There are many challenges before the tourism industry, such as inadequate funding, low engagement of local communities, insufficient safety and security, inappropriate marketing strategies, ineffective promotional efforts, obstacle to communication, and limited budget for promoting tourism overseas. Therefore, government should implement policies for mitigating such challenges, and develop the tourism industry in a new horizon.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sukanta Sarkar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Influence of Teachers’ Preparation on the Academic Performance of Children with Special Needs in Social Studies in Southwestern Nigeria
This study has determined the level of teachers' preparation for children with special needs in Southwestern Nigeria, and investigated the influence of teachers’ preparation on the Social Studies academic performance of children with special needs in the study region. These were with the main aim of investigating the influence of teacher preparation on the Social Studies academic performance of children with special needs in Southwestern Nigeria. The population comprised children with different special needs categories which include Auditory Impairment (AI), Visual Impairment (VI), Emotional Disturbance (ED), as well as children with Learning Disability (LD). The sample consisted of intact classes of pupils in Primary One to Three. The multistage sampling procedure was used to select samples for the study. Three states were selected from six states in Southwestern Nigeria using the purposive sampling technique. These states were selected based on the availability of special needs schools. In the three selected states, purposive sampling technique was used to select three public special schools making a total of nine special schools in all. Two research instruments were used to collect data for the study. It was found that the study has shown that the level of teachers' preparation in teaching children with special needs in South Western Nigeria was moderate (48.0%). In the same vein, there was a significant influence on the academic performance of children with special needs in Social Studies in Southwestern Nigeria (p=0.05). It can be concluded that teachers’ preparation has a significant influence on the academic performance of children with special needs in Social Studies in Southwestern Nigeria.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ifeoluwa Samuel Oluyimide, Babatunde Adeniyi Adeyemi, Johnson Oludele Okewole (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
An Assessment of the Effectiveness of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Curbing Child Abuse, Trafficking, and Labour in Nigeria
There is a need to explore if there are improvements when it comes to attending to different issues that children face in the Nigerian space which always impede their rights. In this discourse, the extent to which legislation has been able to manage child abuse, trafficking, and labour will be investigated. The study also investigates the prevalence of child abuse, trafficking, and labour in Nigeria in the 21st century; and determines the capabilities of local and international policies in promoting the fundamental human rights of children in Nigeria. This study adopts the secondary method of data collection which is concerned with assessing data through secondary sources. The interpretive research philosophy is engaged which gives room for the systematic analysis of robust findings. It has been found that there is still a prevailing rate in the number of children that are faced with trafficking forced labour and abuse in Nigeria, regardless of the 75th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). It has been recommended that awareness promotion through the use of television and face-to-face means about the subject should be promoted.
Copyright (c) 2025 Babatunde Adeniyi Adeyemi, Ifeoluwa Samuel Oluyimide (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effects of Marketing Variables on Adoption of Social Media as Promotional Tool by Small Businesses in the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja
The growth of internet access and mobile phone use has linked millions of potential customers into a network that offers businesses significant market opportunities with minimal marketing expenses. The impact of marketing factors on the uptake of social media as a promotional tool by small enterprises in FCT, Abuja, was investigated. A survey research design was employed, using questionnaires as the means for data collection. Information was gathered from 438 owners and managers of small businesses in Abuja. Structural partial least square equation modeling was utilized to analyze the data. The findings revealed that competitor influence, customer influence, and compatibility all had a positive but insignificant effect on social media adoption in FCT, Abuja. The research indicated that social media platforms should work to enhance their compatibility with various devices, operating systems, and browsers. This entails refining their user interfaces, features, and functionalities to guarantee a smooth experience across different platforms. By simplifying access and engagement with social media on users' preferred devices, compatibility can have a positive effect on adoption rates.
Copyright (c) 2025 Leonard Achile Ogwuche, Emmanuel Yusuf Attah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Strategic Perspective towards Economic Development and Foreign Remittance of India
For an extended period, India has been the primary beneficiary of remittances. The remittance provides a significant and reliable source of foreign exchange reserves and external financing. Though remittances are crucial to the economic progress of developing and the underdeveloped nation, they are principally crucial for the developing and the under developing nations. In accumulation to reduce the disparity between capital supply and demand, it also enhances the purchasing power of migrant households. In light of these facts, the current research has made a collaborative attempt to elucidate Trends and Prospects of Foreign Remittances in India. Also, it suggests various means for the further utilisation of the remittances towards the socio-economic contribution to the nation at large. Right from the simple tabular representation of data to the regression statistics have been computed. This paper is purely based on secondary data.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sukanta Sarkar, Suman Kalyan Chaudhury, Chandra Sekhar Patnaik (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Comparative Analysis of Traditional and Modern Marketing Strategies on Consumer Purchase Decisions in the Indian Skin Care Industry
The skincare industry in India has witnessed rapid growth driven by increased consumer awareness of skin health and aesthetics. This study investigates the comparative impact of traditional and modern marketing strategies on consumer purchase decisions within this industry. Traditional methods, such as television and print advertising, have historically dominated marketing efforts. However, the rise of digital technologies has introduced modern strategies, including social media marketing, influencer collaborations, and content-driven marketing. The research utilizes a quantitative approach, analyzing survey responses from 1,000 Indian skincare consumers to understand their exposure to various marketing strategies and their subsequent purchase behaviors. Findings indicate that while traditional marketing retains a strong influence, digital channels are more effective at fostering engagement, particularly among younger demographics. The study provides insights into optimizing marketing strategies, suggesting that an integrated approach combining both traditional and digital methods may yield the best results for skincare brands seeking to engage and retain their target audiences effectively.
Copyright (c) 2025 Pushkar Som (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Supply Chain Management and Spare Parts Issues in Iranian Railway Industry: Implications for Equipment Maintenance
Efficient supply chain management (SCM) is critical for maintaining equipment reliability in the railway industry, particularly in managing spare parts logistics. This study investigates SCM and spare parts challenges in the Iranian railway industry, a sector vital to the country’s transportation infrastructure yet plagued by inefficiencies, sanctions-induced procurement delays, and aging rolling stock. Using a mixed-method approach—combining quantitative data from Iranian railway performance metrics (2015–2023) and qualitative insights from semi-structured interviews with industry experts—this paper identifies key issues: prolonged lead times, inventory mismatches, and inadequate supplier coordination. Two novel frameworks are proposed: a Spare Parts Availability Index (SPAI) and a Maintenance-Supply Chain Integration Model (MSCIM). Findings reveal that spare parts shortages contribute to 35% of equipment downtime, costing an estimated $50 million annually. Implications suggest adopting digital SCM tools and localized spare parts production to enhance maintenance efficiency. This research offers original contributions to railway SCM literature, particularly in sanction-affected contexts.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammad Taleghani, Mohammadreza Jabreilzadeh Sola (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Impact of Genetic Counselling: An Imperative for Child Development in Cross River State, Nigeria
Genetic counseling is crucial aspect of healthcare that provides individuals and families with information and guidance on genetic disorders and their implications. With advancements in genetic technology, genetic counseling has become an essential tool for promoting healthy child development in cross river state, Nigeria. This study aimed to investigate the impact of genetic counseling on child development, focusing on cognitive, emotional, and social development. Genetic counseling had a significant positive impact on child development in cross river state, Nigeria. Parents who received genetic counseling reported improved in cognitive development, skills in their children. The qualitative data revealed that genetic counseling empowered parents’ child health, reduced anxiety and stress and enhanced parent –child. By providing parents with accurate information and guidance, genetic counseling can promote healthy child development, improve parent to child relationships, and reduce the risk of genetic disorders. This study highlights the imperative need for genetic counseling in promoting optimal child development in cross river state, Nigeria. The genetic counseling approach includes information about the implications of testing positive for genetic disorder, including the psychological impact.
Copyright (c) 2025 Effiom, Bassey Ekeng, Ignatius Ayamba, Favour Ojedor, Godwin Michael Ubi, Dada, Isaac Olu, Eme Joseph Asanye, Emmanuel Eze, Ukpogu, Jacob Oluchukwu, Godwin Odey Amuchi, Ikum, Micheal Ikum, David Ameh, Philip A. Okpechi, Ogar Agede Ambor, Bassey James Ejue (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Impact of Macroeconomic Factors on Stock Market Returns in India
This study looks at how macroeconomic factors impact stock market returns in India from 2010 to 2022. It focuses on key economic indicators like GDP growth rate, inflation rate, interest rate, and exchange rate to see how they affect the stock market. The results show that GDP growth rate and interest rate have a strong influence on stock market returns, while inflation rate and exchange rate have a smaller but still noticeable effect. The Indian stock market is one of the largest and most active in the world, and its performance is closely tied to the country’s economic conditions. Changes in economic indicators often affect stock prices and how investors feel about the market. For example, GDP growth rate, which shows how well the economy is doing, plays a big role in stock market performance. When GDP growth is high, it usually means the economy is strong, companies are making more profits, and investors are more confident. This leads to higher stock market returns. On the other hand, if GDP growth slows down, investors may become less optimistic, and stock market performance may drop. The study supports this idea, showing a clear connection between GDP growth rate and stock market returns. Interest rates are another important factor. They affect how much it costs to borrow money, how much people spend, and how much businesses invest, all of which impact the stock market. When interest rates are low, borrowing is cheaper, which encourages businesses to invest and grow. This can push stock prices higher. However, when interest rates are high, borrowing becomes more expensive, people spend less, and companies may make lower profits. This can hurt stock market returns. The study shows that interest rates play a big role in shaping stock market performance, highlighting how government policies on interest rates can influence investor behaviour. Inflation rate, while having a smaller impact, is still important. Moderate inflation can be a sign of a growing economy, but high inflation can reduce people’s purchasing power and create uncertainty, leading to ups and downs in the stock market. The study finds that inflation has a moderate effect on stock market returns, meaning it matters but not as much as GDP growth or interest rates. The exchange rate, which shows the value of the Indian rupee compared to other currencies, also affects stock market returns. A weaker rupee can help companies that export goods by making their products cheaper in global markets, which can boost their stock prices. However, a weaker rupee can also make imports more expensive, increasing costs for companies and hurting their profits. The study finds that the exchange rate has a moderate impact on stock market returns, showing that its effect is not straightforward. In conclusion, this study shows that macroeconomic factors play a big role in shaping stock market returns in India. GDP growth rate and interest rate are the most important factors, while inflation rate and exchange rate have a smaller but still significant impact. These findings are useful for investors, policymakers, and analysts because they help explain what drives stock market performance. By understanding these factors, people can make better decisions and handle the challenges of the Indian stock market more effectively.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rocky Kumar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
An Empirical Analysis of the Impact of Corporate Governance on Firm Performance in India
This study examines the impact of corporate governance mechanisms on firm performance in India, focusing on board size, board independence, and CEO duality. Using a sample of 100 companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE), the research employs regression analysis to analyze the relationship between governance practices and financial performance metrics such as return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE). The findings reveal that board size and board independence positively influence firm performance, as larger and more independent boards enhance oversight, reduce conflicts of interest, and improve decision-making. Conversely, CEO duality, where the CEO also serves as the board chair, negatively impacts performance by concentrating power and reducing board accountability. The study highlights the importance of robust governance frameworks in fostering transparency, accountability, and ethical conduct. Independent directors play a critical role in aligning management decisions with shareholder interests, while effective audit committees and balanced ownership structures further strengthen governance. Institutional ownership is positively correlated with performance, whereas promoter ownership can lead to conflicts of interest in family-owned businesses. These findings have significant implications for policymakers, regulators, and investors. Policymakers are encouraged to promote governance standards that emphasize board independence, optimal board size, and the separation of CEO and chairperson roles. Regulators can enhance market integrity by enforcing compliance with governance best practices. Investors, particularly institutional ones, can use governance metrics to assess companies and advocate for reforms that align with long-term value creation. In conclusion, this study underscores the critical role of corporate governance in driving firm performance and sustainable growth in India. By adopting effective governance practices, companies can mitigate risks, improve decision-making, and build investor trust, contributing to both organizational success and broader economic development. Future research could explore the impact of emerging trends, such as environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors, on corporate governance and firm performance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nilesh Narayan Prasad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Impact of Employee Engagement on Organizational Performance: A Study of Indian IT Industry
Employee engagement is now recognized as a vital element in achieving organizational success. This study focuses on examining the relationship between employee engagement and organizational performance within the Indian IT industry. Utilizing a quantitative research approach, data was collected from a sample of 300 employees employed across various IT companies in India. This sample aimed to provide a diverse and representative view of the industry. The survey delved into employee engagement levels, organizational performance metrics, and demographic data. Employee engagement was measured through questions assessing commitment, motivation, job satisfaction, work environment, morale, and recognition. Organizational performance was evaluated by examining key indicators such as productivity, work quality, innovation, and customer satisfaction. The findings of this study reveal a positive correlation between employee engagement and organizational performance. Higher levels of employee engagement were associated with better organizational outcomes, highlighting the significance of fostering an engaged workforce. Furthermore, the study identified key drivers of employee engagement, including effective leadership, transparent communication, and meaningful recognition. These factors play a crucial role in enhancing employee motivation and commitment. By focusing on these drivers, organizations can create a supportive work environment that boosts engagement, ultimately leading to improved performance and competitive advantage in the ever-evolving IT landscape.
Copyright (c) 2025 Niharika (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Analyzing on the Counseling Approaches for Economic Life Adjustment
The roles of guidance and counseling in economic empowerment and national security are analyzed and discussed in the paper. These are lack of steady economic growth; the guidance and counseling process remains one of the exclusive ways of sustaining the age-long system of education. Adjustment is the use of mechanisms by a central bank to influence a home currency's exchange rate. An adjustment is specifically made if the exchange rate is not pegged to another currency, meaning that the currency is valued according to a floating exchange rate.
Copyright (c) 2025 Effiom, Bassey Ekeng, Unimna, Beshel Fidelis, Ukpogu, Jacob Oluchukwa, Odey, Godwin Amuchi, Dada Isaac, Emmanuel Eze, Eme Joseph Asanye, Ignatius Ayamba, Godwin Micheal Ubi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Evaluating the Role of a Teacher in Shaping the Life Style of a Teenage Boy Child in Yakurr Local Government Area, Cross River State
The article on evaluating the role of a teacher in shaping the lifestyle of a teenage boy in Yakurr Local Government Area, Cross River State highlights the crucial influence teachers have in guiding and impacting the lives of adolescent boys. Teachers in Yakurr have the opportunity to serve as mentors, educators, emotional support systems, and moral guides for their students. By setting a positive example, providing important life skills education, and offering emotional support, teachers can play a significant role in shaping the character and lifestyle choices of teenage boys. Recognizing the importance of their role, teachers can empower teenage boys to make healthy decisions, navigate challenges, and develop into responsible and resilient individuals.
Copyright (c) 2025 Effiom Bassey Ekeng, Unimna Beshel Fidelis, Mercy Lawrence Ekwok, Eme Joseph Asanye, Anyin Nnyenkpa Ntui, Ofem Alice Nicholas, Godwin Micheal Ubi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effectiveness of Fraud Control Mechanisms in the Nigerian Banking Sector: A Case Study of Selected Commercial Banks
This study investigates the effectiveness of fraud control mechanisms in the Nigerian banking sector, using a case study of three selected commercial banks: Zenith Bank, Guaranty Trust Bank (GTBank), and IBTC. Against the backdrop of increasing fraud incidents—especially internal fraud—this research assesses the prevalence of fraud, evaluates the implementation of control strategies, and identifies the key challenges confronting these mechanisms. Drawing on primary data collected through structured questionnaires administered to operational staff, the study adopts a descriptive survey design and applies both descriptive and inferential statistical tools for analysis, particularly the Chi-square test. Findings reveal that while fraud control policies exist across the institutions studied, they are often poorly implemented, with internal fraud remaining the most pervasive. Key challenges include weak internal controls, limited staff training, inadequate whistleblower protection, and underutilization of technology. The study further highlights the gap between regulatory compliance and practical fraud management, calling for a shift toward proactive, technology-driven, and institutionally embedded fraud prevention frameworks. Recommendations emphasize the need for stronger oversight, continuous employee training, integration of advanced fraud detection systems, and cultural reforms within banking institutions. This study provides valuable insights for policymakers, regulators, and practitioners aiming to enhance fraud resilience in the Nigerian financial system.
Copyright (c) 2024 Blessing Unwana Umoh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Workforce Development in Healthcare: The Role of Training, Technology, and Data in Improving Employee Performance
Workforce development in healthcare is critical for enhancing employee performance, improving patient care, and ensuring institutional efficiency. This study examines the role of training, technology, and data-driven approaches in optimizing workforce development. Using a mixed-method research design, the study integrates quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews to analyze the impact of structured training programs, technological advancements, and data analytics on employee competency. Findings indicate that training enhances job performance, reduces errors, and increases job satisfaction, yet its effectiveness is often hindered by financial constraints, lack of institutional support, and resistance to change. The study also highlights the transformative role of artificial intelligence (AI), virtual reality (VR), and e-learning platforms, which personalize learning experiences and improve skill acquisition. Additionally, data-driven training models enable real-time performance tracking and targeted learning interventions, though many institutions struggle with infrastructure limitations and data integration. Key recommendations include prioritizing investment in AI-driven training, integrating workforce development into governance structures, and adopting data analytics for personalized learning. The study contributes to existing literature by bridging research gaps in technology-enhanced training and providing strategic recommendations for healthcare institutions. Future research should explore the long-term impacts of AI-driven learning, cost-benefit analysis of data-driven training, and policy interventions for workforce standardization.
Copyright (c) 2024 Abimbola Yusuf, Lanrewaju Olaniyan, Hamzat Sakiru Ayobami, Adetola Kareem Hudallah Oluwakemi, Latifat Abolore Igbin (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0